Mental Health for Interpersonal Skills in Interviewing Patient

Question: Examine about theMental Health for Interpersonal Skills in Interviewing Patient. Answer: Nursing is a calling that vigorously depends on the correspondence with the patient and other social insurance suppliers. For a significant analysis of a diseases in a patient, great relational aptitudes among the medical caretakers is crucial. As per Bach Grant, (2015), the collaboration between an attendant and a patient must be productive when drawn nearer cautiously to assemble a compatibility and the rest will run easily. Correspondence is the core of any medical attendant patient collaboration. Data should easily stream to impact the cooperation of either parties. The fundamentals of correspondence joins a five part circuit; sender, message, means, beneficiary and a criticism (Arnold Boggs, 2015). Correspondence includes the death of messages from a sender to the beneficiary utilizing a fitting methods. All the members must partake for it to be said to have occurred. To encourage correspondence, I would initially make a compatibility that would empower us to continue easily. By first posing the patient a few inquiries inconsequential to their malady and guaranteeing him of your duty to his prosperity. By tending to them by his name, Mr. Barry would feel that I am putting forth an attempt to recognize myself with him. It helps manufacture some certainty. I would guarantee that we impart in a language that the two of us comprehend or look for the assistance of a mediator if need be. Listening is a fundamental attribute in any collaboration with a patient (Bramhall, 2014). A decent audience considers time for the other individual to put over their contribution without interference. A medical caretaker should utilize open finished inquiries and permit the patient communicate uninhibitedly. Listening should be a functioning procedure, as in, the individual talking should be capable see that you are tuning in to them. In certain occasions, I would hub with understanding and keep in touch. In certain examples, take notes where fundamental. This will make Mr. Barry see that I am worried about his condition. This will be a method of urging him to give more data about his condition. He needs consolations that something will be done in spite of the way that he as of now feels he is a disaster area Tolerance can't be neglected particularly in patients who appear to be anxious and intellectually upset. They may will in general offer some unfathomable expressions (Blais, 2015). Some may talk so quick. From the case situation, Mr. Barry has been depicted as eager and worried up. He has a ton dashing in his psyche. An underlying endeavor to talk with him is quiet him down. It might require some investment and that stresses the should show restraint toward him. Signs and side effects of mental issue. They can be extensively ordered into passionate and physical signs and indications (Barkley, 2014). Enthusiastic signs rotate around the character and the social issue. Physical signs are inspired from the body changes that happen as outcome of the psychological unsettling influence. A model is weight reduction. Mr. Barry gives indications of nervousness. He was seen to be glancing around tensely and appeared to be more eager than different patients. By this specific conduct one can reason that he has a few worries that are not really physical ailment (Taylor, 2014). He is by all accounts such a great amount of worried about his family and kids. He feels that there are a few issues that should be tended to however feels powerless. His passionate upheaval is likely an outcome of being conserved from the neighborhood phone organization. He appears to be not able to anticipate the future and questionable of what may result with the current situation. He has stresses in any event, for his grown-up youngsters and feels he cannot adapt to their issues He presents with certain interruptions in the day by day schedule that he can't control. His eating and resting designs have been upset. His typical routine interruption may result from mental burdens. An individual can't rest because of uneasiness, stress, torment and inconvenience. Mr. Barry is worried of the thing he can't control. He can't have legitimate rest stressing over his wellbeing and cash issues. In distressing circumstance, the cerebrum discharges synapses that are engaged with stifling the rest and craving focuses in the mind. The cognizance communities are animated and there is an expanded thoughtful tone. This mean rest interruptions and a raised degree of cognizance. Physical signs, for example, an expanded pulse and an abatement in the body weight per age may likewise be a pointer particularly while going with other enthusiastic indications (McGee, 2016). Mr. Barry shows presents with an expanded pulse and wordy brevity of breath. These signs show an expanded in thoughtful tome and a restraint of parasympathetic framework. He likewise presents with a diminished weight for every age. This might be credited to the stomach related surprises and the expanded thoughtful surge which builds digestion and breakdown of fats in the body. These signs, however introduced truly are a pointer of existing emotional well-being issues. The relationship might be missed if social side effects are not plainly distinguished Clinical intercessions. Psychosocial treatment will address his enthusiastic, social and mental measurements so as to address tension issue. This mediation incorporates a mind boggling collaboration between the past occasions and their understanding concerning their impact on the current ones (Ross, 2017). In psychological wellness one may attempt to persuade him that there are as yet different chances to investigate in life past joblessness. Every one of his issues appear to be revolved around the way that he is jobless and fears that he may not be in a situation to help his family adequately. An endeavor ought to be made to make him see the condition as only a test that will empower him be increasingly helpful in life issues. He still inside the working age and can make sure about a vocation. It may be a chance to consider he can go into business. He can likewise be urged to make social bonds to assist him with adapting and deflect wretchedness that may before long result without social assistance. The uneasiness can likewise be tended to utilizing body mind procedures. Unwinding can be extremely useful to help diminish the heartrate to ordinary. It includes a purposeful exertion to gather ones vitality into tending to the issue that is unpleasant. Mr. Barry can profit by a meeting where he is encouraged to rehearse contemplation when he gropes pushed. His upset resting example and stomach related surprises might be counterbalanced medicinally. These side effects have happened optional to uneasiness issue. Rewarding the essential driver will explain the optional introductions (Morey, 2015).Pharmacotherapy is typically a subsequent line approach in managing nervousness after other non-clinical ones. Anxiolytic specialists can be controlled by the therapist to lighten these side effects. Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the principal line drugs. Mr. Barry may profit by this methodology. TCA might be utilized as the subsequent line if the SSRI neglect to work. Venlafaxine is a Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (Procyshyn, Bezchlibnyk-Butler, Jeffries, 2017). They increment the sum and time which free serotonin is accessible on its receptor. This prompts downregulation of the receptor. Serotonin directs the temperament and conduct, for example, hunger and rest in a person. this medication is endorsed as a solution for tension. The medications impact sets aside some effort to set in. hence the patient should sit tight for quite a while to consider it to produce results and diminish the nervousness. Understanding instruction. For a moderate discharge container, Mr. Barry should gulp down it. He ought do whatever it takes not to crash them or bite them. The medication is taken with food. Some of the time, to make it effectively consumable, one may pick to open it up and sprinkle it in food so as to take it in little span stretches (Winner, 2015). This is alright as long as they dont bite it and all the medication is taken at back. Nothing ought to be safeguarded for later utilization. He should attempt to expend the medication at around a similar opportunity to guarantee that remedial focuses are kept up all through. The medication ought to be put away at room temperature away from warmth and dampness. He should keep taking the medication despite the fact that occasionally it might appear as though it isn't working. He ought to take into account some an ideal opportunity for its belongings to set in. in the event that he feels that it isn't working, he ought not cease except if he is exhorted so by the specialist. Unsavory symptoms might be watched if the drug is halted unexpectedly (Aftab, 2015). Mr. Barry once in a while takes liquor. Under this conditions, he ought not take any liquor to maintain a strategic distance from some symptoms related with its utilization while taking the drug. He ought to likewise evade exercises that expect him to be caution such a driving. Venlafaxine hinders thinking and response. This may represent a danger to his wellbeing on the off chance that he is associated with risky exercises. Mr. Barry ought to be very much aware of the reactions that are probably going to result once he begins taking the medicine. He ought not be adversely affected by the medication consequently he ought to be watchful to get any indications of sensitivity. It might result into a swollen tongue, rash, hives and trouble in relaxing. On the off chance that such signs are noted, one ought to abstain from utilizing these medications and look for clinical consideration. He ought to know about plausible medication cooperations that might be risky (Spina, Pisani, de Leon, 2016). On the off chance that they need to take NSAIDs, they ought to counsel their primary care physician on the one they should take. There is an expanded antiplatelet impact by utilizing it with these medications. This represents an incredible risk in the event that they are harmed since they may lose a ton of blood all the while. Different medications that he ought to counsel before taking are: some other antidepressants, anticoagulants and medications to treat headache As indicated by Lader (2015), regular symptoms related with venlafaxine include: changes in vision, unsteadiness, cerebral pain

Human impacts on the hydrology of the Mekong River

Human effects on the hydrology of the Mekong River Harm to the River Mekong Basin Mekong is a waterway that stumbles into Southeast Asia and is considered as the tenth longest stream on the planet. It is around 4,900 km and spreads a zone of approximately 795,000 square km. the waterway stumbles into a few nations, including China, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Human effects on the hydrology of the Mekong River explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the stream courses through exceptionally populated regions with serious farming exercises and water redirection rehearses, it has ceaselessly experienced a move in its hydrology particularly when it moves through China. For example, China is right now setting out on a venture where it will build dams out of the stream, three of which have been finished, while 12 are on various stages. In Thailand, the Pak Mun dam is now finished, and in Cambodia, a hold has been developed on the Tonle Sap River, which streams into the Mek ong. These dam development exercises have effectsly affected the hydrology of the stream. The lower Mekong River has encountered a decrease in water levels throughout the years, and this decrease has been ascribed to dam development exercises upstream. For example, the filling of the Manwan supply 1n 1992 caused an extreme decrease in the water level in the waterway (Walling, 2006). An appraisal of the stream at different stages indicated that an interference of the standard water stream, prove by an expansion in residue in Mekongs bed. Eve however a portion of these developments are not embraced on the fundamental course of the waterway, the impact is as yet huge, for example, examines show that development on the Lankang River, the Mekongs standard, has caused a significant decrease of water downstream (Lu and Siew, 2006). Dam development has expanded the volume of dregs in the Mekong River. This is on the grounds that a decrease in the progression of water successfully diminishes the measure of water to ship the dregs downstream. In this way, the dregs settle at the base of the stream and lessens it depth.Advertising Looking for paper on natural examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, contemplates show that regions along the center and last purposes of the Mekong River have had a diminished measure of dregs motion, for the most part ascribed to the sedimentation of the Manwan dam. The silt are likewise caught in the repositories and dams that are developed on the waterway or its tributaries. A decrease in silt stream has hugy affected the hydrology and environment of the Mekong, particularly at the downstream areas (Kummu Varis, 2007). Silt transition prompts a low water profundity and this has made ships stall out, littler fish are currently gotten and the catch has dropped radically while the Chiang Rai port on River Mekong is recording extremely low business. Silt motion along the Mekong River has basically influenced zones promptly downstream of the dams under development or being in-filled. This very extraordinary to certain territories in which the stream has either expanded or stayed steady most likely because of alluvial stockpiles inside those regions. Shockingly, a decrease in silt transition likewise accompanies a few preferences, for instance, it would improve guideline of the flood cycle, consequently bringing down the recurrence and level of floods. Notwithstanding, territories that rely upon floods to get supplements will endure thus. The Tonle Sap River and its biological system have been generally influenced by dam development upstream (Kummu and Sarkulla, 2008). Dam developments have caused a move toward stream of the Mekong River and this has prompted a grave impact on the biological system. Changes in stream and a decrease of the volume of stream have influenced Tonle Saps floodplain, and its woods, by adjusting the flood-beat component of La ke Tonle Sap. This has caused a progressive loss of the backwoods and other secured territories and this thus influences the jobs of people who live downstream and who rely upon Tonle Saps characteristic assets. Relief techniques to deliver harm to regular frameworks The primary alleviation measure to forestall harm to the downstream Mekong River is to manage the development of dams and supplies. To accomplish this exertion, the nations through which the stream passes have shaped a commission known as Mekong River Commission.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Human effects on the hydrology of the Mekong River explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The commission has normally censured China for its dismissal to the push to stop development of dams. Guideline of dam development would guarantee that water in the dam stays at levels that don't prompt silt transition, nor does it lead to flooding. Lu and Siew (2005) contend that streams have a characteri stic capacity to keep up a harmony regardless of modifications in their hydrologic systems, while this statement might be valid, it may not work in instances of extraordinary harm to waterway systems. In this way, a relief procedure must be set up. Such a methodology would include digging, where dregs are truly expelled from the waterway bed with the goal that the water can stream uninhibitedly. While this is just a momentary arrangement, it will be valuable while changeless techniques, which may take quite a while because of the association of numerous nations, are being looked for. References Kummu, M., and Sarkkula, J. (2008). Effect of the Mekong River Alteration on the Tonle Sap Flood Pulse. Ambio., 37(3). Kummu, M., and Varis, O. (2007). Silt related effects because of upstream store catching, the Lower Mekong River. Geomorphology 85, 275 293. Lu, X. X., and Siew, Y. (2006). Water release and silt motion changes over theâ past decades in the Lower Mekong River: potential ef fects of the Chinese dams. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 181-195. Lu, X. X., and Siew, Y. (2005). Water release and silt transition changes over theâ past decades in the Lower Mekong River. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Examine., 2, 2287-2325.Advertising Searching for paper on natural examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Walling, D. E. (2006). Human effect ashore sea silt move by the worldsâ rivers. Geomorphology 79, 192-216.

Tips to Help Your Stressed Out College Kid Cope

Tips to Help Your Stressed Out College Kid Cope Stress Management Situational Stress Print 6 Tips to Help Your Stressed Out College Kid By Jackie Burrell Jackie Burrell is a former education and parenting reporter, experienced in issues around parenting young adults as a mother of four. Learn about our editorial policy Jackie Burrell Updated on February 03, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living As parents of young adults, we’re all too familiar with stress, but our kids suffer from it too. Stress rates among teens and young adults have spiked in recent years and its no wonder. Junior and senior year of high school and the lead-up to college applications are prime time for stress overload. So are the first few weeks of college, the weeks of midterms and lead-up to final exams. There may be a day or two of stresslessness in there somewhere, but who can tell? When that late night phone call comes from a child who’s freaking out, the last thing they want to hear is a lecture on the importance of doing your homework and planning ahead. Instead, heres a list of things you can advise that may offer immediate relief: Sleep Cutting back on sleep may seem like a good way to eke out a few more hours for exam cramming, but missing even a few hours of sleep two or more nights in a row can result in sleep deprivation. Concentration drops, memory function is impaired, and the brain turns foggy and sluggish â€" hardly the optimal conditions for studying. There’s a clear connection between the amount of sleep a student gets and his GPA, and studies have shown that morning owls perform better academically. So tell your frantic child to set the alarm for 7 a.m., plan on doing some hardcore â€" and vastly refreshed â€" studying then and get some sleep now. Make a List If thoughts are racing through your child’s brain with such velocity that he can’t sleep, tell him to make a list. We’d all love to have a Pensieve, the magical basin Hogwarts headmaster Albus Dumbledore used to hold memories and thoughts when they threatened to overwhelm his brain, but a to-do list works nearly as well. Eat Well Brains need nourishment. Eating a balanced diet that’s heavy in protein and complex carbohydrates, as opposed to donuts, beer, and someone else’s Ritalin, makes a huge difference in one’s body’s ability to cope with stress and perform well. Keep that in mind when sending your college child an exam week care package too. Prioritize Tell him to work on the most critical or difficult courses or projects first, when his brain is fresh. Too much work? Tell him to look at his schedule and eliminate the non-essentials. Remind him that the world will not stop if he tanks a test. Try a Study Group Studying with a group quells panic. It lets students play to their own strengths, and maximizes and organizes study time. Plus, the companionship helps soothe frayed nerves. Take Breaks Go for a run, take a nap â€" but no more than 20 to 30 minutes and no later than mid-afternoon. Make an exam worry doll and let it do the worrying.

The Awakening of Edna Pontellier - 2487 Words

The Awakening of Edna Pontellier Kate Chopin’s short story The Awakening is set during a time where women were expected to live in a patriarchal society. More specifically, this story tells of the well-to-do Creole lifestyles in New Orleans during the mid to late Nineteenth Century. Chopin’s personal experiences as a woman during this oppressive time and her growth as an individual inspired her to write about Edna Pontellier, a woman who tries to break from the expectations of society to be her own woman. As Edna Pontellier in The Awakening experiments with the oppositional or alternative roles of Adele Ratignolle, Mademoiselle Reisz and of herself in the role of a free woman, she gradually transforms into an individual apart†¦show more content†¦It was during this conversation that Edna was called to Adele’s side during the painful and dangerous childbirth of her fourth child. She asks Robert to wait for her return and leaves him alone in her home. Adele senses that Edna is changing even more and asks her to please think of her children before she completely rejects the patriarchal lifestyle that was expected of them. Edna, after seeing Adele, begins to feel guilty and thinks maybe she has acted too selfishly. She returns home and finds a note from Robert saying good-bye. Understanding that Robert wasn’t capable of breaking free of the constraints and expectations of him even if he did love and want to be with her coupled with Adele’s advice wakes Edna up to a reality that devastates her. Feeling that she is alone and unable to belong in the world she returns to Grand Isle, the location where she achieved her new sense of freedom. Her final escape is swimming out to sea thinking of all those who never understood her but knowing that she could never give herself to them in the way that they all expected and needed (The Awakening and Other Short Stories 1-240). In her critical analysis of The Awakening, Jenni fer B. Gray believes that â€Å"Edna’s awakening allows her to resist the various â€Å"interpellations† of the dominant patriarchal ideology and experiment with both alternative and oppositional roles† (Gray 53-73).Show MoreRelatedThe Awakening by Edna Pontellier Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Awakening, not only is this the quote that Edna Pontellier identifies with when Mrs. Ratignolle plays piano for her, but it is also the perfect description of the struggle in which Mrs. Pontellier faces. Though, The Awakening was considered sexually charged and risquà © for its time, when one analyzes this quote and the original title of Kate Chopin’s story, A Solitary Soul, they come to the realization that there is more to this story than just sex (562). The Awakening is a story about Edna Pontellier’sRead More The Transformation of Edna Pontellier in The Awakening Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagessomething, anything: she did not know what† (Chopin). In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, the reader is introduced to Edna Pontellier, a passionate, rebellious woman. Throughout the novel, it becomes apparent how unsettled Edna feels about her life. The reader can identify this by her thoughts, desires, and actions, which are highly inappropriate for an affluent woman of the time. In the novel, Edna has an awakening and finds the courage to make the changes she sees necessary. Kate Chopin is ableRead MoreEssay about The Awakening by Edna Pontellier601 Words   |  3 PagesThe Awakening by Edna Pontellier The Awakening by Kate Chopin introduces the reader to the life of Edna Pontellier, a woman with an independent nature searching for her true identity in a patriarchal society that expects women to be nothing more than devoted wives and nurturing mothers. The Awakening begins in the vacation spot of Grand Isle. At first we believe that Grand Isle is a utopia, wealthy families relaxing at oceanside, but it is here where Edna first begins to realize her unhappinessRead MoreEdna Pontellier as a Feminist in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening765 Words   |  3 Pagesnot every story is so successful. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening†, Edna Pontellier finds herself fighting this very battle that, although begins with a positive outlook, ultimately ends in her demise. Throughout â€Å"The Awakening†, Edna is immersed in a constant clash with society over the significance of the difference between her life and her self. To Edna, the question of whether or not she would die for her children is somewhat simple. Edna attempts to explain this concept to her good friend, AdeleRead MoreThe Hours And The Awakening By Edna Pontellier And Laura Brown1341 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted a trend of succumbing to temptations throughout human history. Even in the novels The Hours and The Awakening, the characters are tempted by someone else or a different idea; however, some of these characters exhibit strong self control and avoid their demise. The fine line between success and failure when it comes to avoiding temptation is most obviously demonstrated by Edna Pontellier and Laura Brown, and these two women showcase the destructive power of seduction and the strength of willRead More growaw Epiphany of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopins The Awakening809 W ords   |  4 PagesEpiphany in The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, presents the struggle of an American woman at the turn of the century to find her own identity.   At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist, Edna Pontellier, seems to define her identity in terms of being a wife, a mother and a member of her community.   As the story progresses, Edna seeks to define herself as an individual.   The turning point in her struggle can be seen clearly in a scene in which Edna realizes for theRead More The Awakening: America Was Not Ready For Edna Pontellier Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesinvention, Edna Pontellier. Madame Edna Pontellier, wife of wealthy and much respected Leonce Pontellier, had the perfect life. Vacationing in Grand Isle, living in a mansion, raising her two boys, Edna seemed untroubled and well cared for. But one cannot see another’s private distresses from the outside. Entrapped by the sequestering tomb of the mindsets of her time and starved for freedom and expression, Edna was willing to give up her life to break free. Because of these traits, Edna exemplifiedRead More Edna Pontellier and Social Limitations in Kate Chopins Awakening4858 Words   |  20 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In discussing Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening, critic Susan Rosowski categorizes the novel under the heading of the novel of awakening and differentiates it from the bildungsroman, the apprentice novel, in which the usually male protagonist learn the nature of the world, discover its meaning and pattern, and acquire a philosophy of life and ‘the art of living (Bloom 43). In the novel of awakening, the female protagonist similarly learns about the world, but for the heroine, theRead MoreEdna Pontellier of The Awakening: A Woman before Her Time Essay896 Words   |  4 Pages Edna Pontellier is a woman of great needs. Although she has a husband who cares for her and two children, she is very unhappy. She plays her roles as a mother and wife often, but still keeps doing things unmarried, barren women should do: enjoy the company of other men, ignore her childrens cries, dress unladylike for the times. The story is set in the late 1800s, when women were to be in the kitchen preparing a meal for their family, giving birth to more children to help with dailyRead MoreEdna Pontellier Rejects Her Woman/Mother Image in The Awakening1069 Words   |  5 Pages A bird view of the historical context of The Awakening gives me ample evidence to reinstate the thesis statement: Edna Pontellelier does not reject her children; she neglects only her women/mother image. The novel The Awakening was written at the end of the nineteenth century which was fundamentally characterized by change. A wide spectrum of disciplines and structures were facing created tensions between old and new. It was the time of industrialization, urbanization which contributed

Christianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe

Christianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe Europe was a Christian creation, not only in essence but in minute detail The above statement can perhaps best sum up the relationship between Christianity and Europe throughout the ages. Christianity has been the strongest single influence in the history of Europe. Regardless of the century, no discussion would be complete without reference being made, at least in small part, to the Church. It is true that in recent centuries this influence has declined significantly, but nevertheless one could argue that it still plays an important part in the lives of many people. Throughout history Christianity has been both a unifying force and also a force for disunity.†¦show more content†¦However it is worth giving a brief history of the birth of this religion. At the beginning of the first century a new religion was born and started to spread rapidly across the Roman Empire. Its source of inspiration was Jesus. It was different to the other religions of the day in a profound way. It was universal, offering all things to all men, proclaiming an afterlife, triumph over death, and presenting a road to salvation for all men and women. It emphasised the inner life and filled the spiritual void created by the Roman lifestyle. Yet it was one of many religions. There were many rivals, the mystery religions of Persia, Syria and Egypt were popular at the time and of course there was Judaism. Nothing at the time suggested this Jewish heresy could rival the other religions. Nevertheless Christianity spread relatively quickly, mainly due to the missionary work of St. Paul and, also, St. Peter. St Pauls journeys took him to Palestine, Asia, Macedonia, Greece, Rome and finally Spain. In addition this new religion spread quickly throughout the Roman garrisons and from there was carried by the soldiers through the Empire. In early fourth century Emperor Decius attempted to wipeout the Christian faith, the great persecution lasted thirteen years, but in 313 the Edict of Milan, in which religious tolerance was granted to Christians and previousShow MoreRelatedThe Spread of Christianity Throughout Europe Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean empires, beginning just prior to the fall of Rome, is the spread of Christianity to all areas of the continent in as little as a few hundred years. Many theologians state that Christianities spread is the indirect influence of God and the adoration of people to one true faith. Though it is true that Christianity has brought about people that even atheists could call saints, it is unquestionable that Christianity was so monumental because it united larger groups of people and its spreadRead MoreMedieval Christian Europe2199 Words   |  9 Pages With the decline of the Western Roman empire Western Europe was a disjointed land that had no true unifying structure till the rise of Christianity. In Roman antiquity people used the State or empire of Rome to define themselves and give them a sense of unity despite having a diverse group of people within the empire. When Western Rome fell this belief based on a Roman cultural identity disappeared and no longer were people able to identify themselves with any particular group as they once haveRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union1638 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies, the idea of a united Europe can be traced back to Ancient Greece. The first we hear of Europe as a geographic concept was in the 7th/8th century BC through the infamous Myth of Europa (Greekmythology.com, 2015). The myth is about a Phoenician princess, Europa (after which the continent was named), who has a dream wh ere she was called to by an unknown land telling her, she belongs to it (GreekmythologyRead MoreInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pages1. Q) Compare and contrast the influence of science and religion in the development of humanity. Discuss both the positive and the negative. A) The systematic testing of observations, and the belief of something larger than ourselves, have been part of the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanationsRead MoreEssay about ITW1 Task 1 1121304 Words   |  6 Pagesart. Before this time, art lacked dimension and intensity, but the onset of the classical period brought with it influential architecture, vase paintings and sculptures, giving life to its subjects. Many modern day artists draw their creative influence from the classical art period. Athens conquered the Persia in 479 B.C. and began dominating Greece politically, economically, and culturally.† The Athenians organized allies to ensure the freedom of the Greek cities. Members of the Delian LeagueRead MoreHow Truth Was Defined By Medieval Europeans1696 Words   |  7 Pagesdependent on the culture they are currently being described in. Even within these cultures these questions have different answers because of the various regions; for example medieval Europe had multiple cultures that traversed throughout everywhere and caused truth to be defined by the beliefs of that region. Medieval Europe lasted from the 5th to the 15th century and began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire causing this time to become known as the dark ages because the great civilizationsRead MoreRoman Empire1559 Words   |  7 PagesGallienus (AD 260–268), there was a temporary breakdown of the Roman banking system after the banks rejected the flakes of copper produce d by his mints. With the ascent of Christianity, banking became subject to additional restrictions, as the charging of interest was seen as immoral. After the fall of Rome, banking temporarily ended in Europe and was not revived until the time of the crusades.[citation needed] The New Roman Empire: Banking The decline of the Roman Empire began in the second century ARead MoreThe Medieval Period Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesA set point in the historical time line stands as the medieval period. The medieval period in history was the era in European history – from around the 5th to the 15th century, coming after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and preceding the start of the early modern era. This historical time period has been long since been the victim of film directors and romantic novelists, which has lead to the common, but false, idea of the medieval period consisting of knights and damsels in distress, wizardsRead MoreEssay Religious Intolerance around the World1289 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics, but then as the influence of religion grew on individuals many countries gave religious sectors power and influence over the government. This was due to religions capture of a persons emotional character and the quest to find and follow Gods way of life. As the size of po pulation and countries grew, more information was exchanged between different societies and countries. People exchanged values, morals, norms and other factors of living. Throughout history, religions have collided andRead MoreRenaissance and Political System1193 Words   |  5 PagesName: Instructor’s Name: Class: Date: Introduction Renaissance is a French term meaning rebirth or revival. Renaissance period in the history of Europe starts from the beginning of 15th century to the end of 16th century. The Renaissance manifested the transitional phase from the medieval ages to the modern era. It was a time of social and cultural changes in Europe. It is believed to be the beginning of the modern world and hence the new phase of the political system arrived. Along with society and

Piracy in Somalia and Its International Implications Free Essays

string(121) " 10 million people are starving, and they would hardly survive without the food aid provided by the developed countries\." PIRACY IN SOMALIA AND ITS INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS In the past few years, pirate attacks off the coast of Somalia have received a great deal of public attention. According to the London-based International Maritime Bureau, there has been an â€Å"unprecedented increase† in Somali pirate activity in the first 9 months of 2009. Until September this year 147 incidents were reported off the Somali coast and in the Gulf of Aden (separating Somalia and Yemen), compared with 63 for the same period last year. We will write a custom essay sample on Piracy in Somalia and Its International Implications or any similar topic only for you Order Now A total of 533 crew members have been taken hostage in 2009, out of which about 200 hostages are still being held by Somali pirates. I have chosen the topic of piracy for my essay as I think that in the context of the present world economy crisis it is a current problem which might affect all the participants of the global economy and it needs an urgent solution. In the first part of my essay I am going to present some data to demonstrate the importance of the problem, then I will focus on the background of the issue and present the different factors which have led to the appearance of piracy. After a detailed description of the pirates and their way of operation I will move on to presenting of the interests of the international community and the policies, strategies and instruments they have used to deal with the issue. At the end of my paper I will draw some conclusions and make a few suggestions for the future. Piracy has been a problem in Somali waters for at least ten years. However, the number of attempted and successful attacks has risen over the last three years. As the hijackings have increased in number, they have also become more sophisticated. The pirates are now able to capture larger targets as well. On September 25 2008, Somali pirates captured the MV Faina, a Ukrainian ship transporting weapons to Kenya. This was followed one month later by the hijacking of the MV Sirius Star, the largest ship ever captured by pirates. The Saudi-owned supertanker was carrying about 2 billion barrels of crude oil, worth about $100 million. The ship was finally released on January 9 for a $3 million ransom. The series of hijackings has continued in 2009 too. It seems that this year the pirates have shifted from the Gulf of Aden, where dozens of ships were attacked in 2008 but which is now heavily patrolled, to the ocean between the African mainland and the Seychelles islands. In October 2009 Somali pirates captured a Chinese bulk carrier, carrying 25 Chinese crew members. In November they have seized a US tanker carrying $20 million of crude oil, which is considered the second-largest ship ever hijacked by pirates. The tankers 30-member crew was also kidnapped. In the same month, 9 pirates hijacked the Greek-owned tanker Maran Centaurus carrying 275,000 metric tons of Saudi Arabian crude oil and have taken it to a pirate port along the coast, where they typically hold the boats for ransom. The 300,000-tonne ship was hijacked about 1,300 km from the coast of Somalia and there were 28 crew members on board which are all held hostages. According to the IBM, in October and November alone, 38 ships have been attacked and 10 hijacked. There are several factors which have made Somalia the perfect environment for piracy, which I am going to present below. First of all, if we want understand why piracy works in Somalia, we have to know something about the geography and history of the country. Officially called the Republic of Somalia, Somalia is a country situated in the Horn of Africa, bordered by  Djibouti  to the northwest,  Kenya  to the southwest, the  Gulf of Aden  with  Yemen  to the north, the  Indian Ocean  to the east, and Ethiopia  to the west. Due to its strategic location, in the past the country was an important centre of commerce. Even today, about 16,000 ships pass through the Gulf of Aden each year, carrying oil from the Middle East and goods from Asia to Europe and North America, so we can say that one of the most important trade routes of the world can be found in this area. In addition, the long, isolated, sandy beaches of the country are also advantageous for pirates to operate. Another factor which helps piracy to flourish is the political anarchy which still rules in Somalia. For almost 20 years, the country has endured political chaos and bloodshed. The  Somali Civil, which began in 1991 as a revolution against the repressive regime of Siad Barre, has caused instability throughout the country. The northern parts of the country declared their independence, although it was neither recognized by the central government, nor by the United Nations. Subsequent fighting among rival warlords resulted in the killing, dislocation, and starvation of thousands of Somalis. Since 1991, 350,000-1,000,000 Somalis have died because of the conflict. Hatred and lack of trust among the landlords and their clans has prevented the organisation of a functioning central government. From  2006-2009 Ethiopia  was also involved in the conflict. In January 2009, Ethiopian soldiers withdrew from Somalia, leaving behind an  African Union  contingent of peacekeepers to help the fragile coalition government and its troops enforce their authority. Following Ethiopia’s withdrawal from Somalia, the southern half of the country fell into the hands of radical Islamist   rebels, who still control a big part of the country. The political situation is still chaotic in Somalia. The present government, led by Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed is the 16th administration to „govern† the country since the collapse of the Barre regime. Order still hasn’t been restored, Somalia is governed by anarchy. Because of the lack of an effective central government and national economy, Somalia is still one of the world’s poorest countries, where the estimated GDP is around $600 per year. According to the World Bank, in 2008 73% of the country’s population lived on a daily income below $2. The country’s 10 million people are starving, and they would hardly survive without the food aid provided by the developed countries. You read "Piracy in Somalia and Its International Implications" in category "Papers" In a country where survival is at stake, it is no surprise that piracy has become a fast and easy way to make money and it could develop into a frightening business. To sum up, we can say that Somalia’s chaotic political situation, the lack of an effective central government, the poor state of the economy and poverty have all created an environment which was perfect for piracy to appear. But who are these â€Å"heroes† and how do they operate? In most people’s minds, the image of piracy is associated with characters like Jack Sparrow or Captain Cook. Pirates are often seen as rebellious young men who are victims of the society, but have the courage to stand up for themselves and create a different way of working on the seas. Actually, there is some truth in this kind of perception. According to Eric Hobsbawm, a British historian, â€Å"social bandits† are â€Å"outlaws, drawing on community support, using criminal methods to challenge the present hierarchy of power and wealth. † Most of the Somali pirates are 20-35 years old and come from the region of Puntland, a semi-autonomous region in northeastern Somalia. It is estimated that there are at least five pirate gangs and more thousands armed men. A BBC report divided them into three main categories: local Somali fishermen (the â€Å"brains† of the operations because of their skills and knowledge of the sea); ex-militiamen (used as the â€Å"muscle†) and technical experts who are able to use electrical equipment, such as GPS devices at a professional level. It is a fact that since the country’s collapse in 1991, there has been a great amount of illegal fishing practised by a lot of countries along the Somali coast. During the regime of Siad Barre (1986-1992) Somalia received aid from several countries to develop its fishing industry. Local fishermen had fixed prices for their catch and the fish was exported because of low demand for seafood in Somalia. However, after the fall of the Barre regime, due to the Somali Civil War the income from fishing decreased. Traditional coastal fishing became difficult, because foreign trawlers started fishing illegally along the Somali coast and depleted the fish stocks. Local fishermen became desperate. They started to band together and were determined to protect their resources. They started attacking foreign trawlers, the crew of which soon fought back with heavy weapons. As a result, fishermen turned to other types of commercial ships and soon discovered that piracy was an easy way to make money. At the moment, piracy is Somalia’s most â€Å"lucrative business†: ship owners are willing to pay huge amounts of money for the release of their hijacked vessels. In addition to this, starting with the early 1990s, Somalia’s long, remote coastline has been used as a dump site for dangerous toxic waste from a lot of European and Asian companies. The European Green party presented before the press and the European Parliament copies of contracts signed by two European companies – an Italian-Swiss and an Italian firm – and representatives of warlords, to accept 10 million tones of toxic waste in exchange for $80 million. For European companies this is a very cheap way of getting rid of their waste: while waste disposal costs in Europe are about $1,000 a tonne, this way it only costs them $2,50 a tonne. The effects of this dumping are already visible in Somalia. According to a report by the UN Environment Programme, there is an extremely high number of cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding and unusual skin infections among the inhabitants of the area – diseases related to radiation sickness. It is clear that this situation represents a very serious environmental risk not only to Somalia, but to the whole eastern Africa region. Many of the pirates call themselves the Somali â€Å"coast guard†, claiming that their aim is to defend their communities from overfishing and to protect the coastline from toxic dumping of nuclear waste by foreign ships. In an interview one of the pirate leaders explained: â€Å"We don’t consider ourselves sea bandits. We consider sea bandits those who illegally fish and dump in our seas†. The problem of overfishing is still a very serious problem is Somalia. It is estimated that Europeans and Asians poach around $300 million worth fish from Somali waters. On the other hand, Somali pirates collect about $100 million yearly from ransoms. This, according to Peter Lehr, a Somalia piracy expert, can be seen as a â€Å"resource swap†. Of course, a great number of pirates are only taking part in these operations for the money, and their families which they can feed this way. As one of them, nicknamed Milk Sucker says: â€Å"Sometimes doing a bad thing is the only way to improve the situation for yourself and the people you love†. Some of the pirates can’t even swim, their only task is to shoot straight. A lot of young Somalis take part only in a couple of operations, hoping to make enough money to move to the West or maybe to persuade an ethnic Somali woman with a EU passport to marry them and move to the UK. As for the techniques used by the pirates, we can notice that they are getting more sophisticated and more effective. They are using the latest high-tech equipment, like GPS, MANPADS (Man Portable Air Defence Systems), RPGs and satellite phones and they are well-armed with rocket-propelled grenades and AK-47s. They usually operate using small skiffs with powerful outboard engines, but now they regularly use â€Å"mother ships† to increase their range. These â€Å"mother ships† take them into the shipping lanes, several hundred miles offshore. Then they launch small speedboats to haul themselves up onto the deck of a ship. They can often seize a ship without firing a shot. After capturing it, they sail the hijacked ship to the Somali pirate hub town, Eyl and take the hostages ashore where they are well-looked after until ransom is paid. It is reported that the pirates never harm their prisoners; they behave like â€Å"perfect gentlemen† with them. They even hire caterers on the Somali coast to cook pasta, grilled fish and roasted meat, which western hostages might like. Once ransom is paid, they release ships good humour. According to the Kenyan foreign minister, in 2008 pirates have received about $150 million in ransom, which is used to fund future operations. In a recent startling Reuters report we can read that the pirates have started to make the money to work for them, setting up a stock exchange â€Å"that has drawn financiers from the Somali Diaspora and other nations. † The bandits’ bourse is a small building in the once-small fishing village of Haradheere, about 250 miles northeast of Mogadishu, which has developed into a luxury town by now. As a former pirate named Mohammed puts it, â€Å"The shares are open to all and everybody can take part, whether personally at sea or on land by providing cash, weapons or useful materials †¦ we’ve made piracy a community activity. â€Å" Unfortunately, it has become clear that the activity of pirates is linked to warlords on shore. After seeing the profitability of the business, these leaders started to facilitate pirate activities, sharing the profit with the pirates. These â€Å"Godfathers† and clan leaders are closely related to Somalia’s president in Mogadishu, Abdullahi Yusuf, who also originates from Puntland. Estimates are that at least six ministers in the Puntland government are involved with the pirates. The only group which is publicly against piracy is the militant Al-Shabaab, a Salafist group founded this decade as a militia attached to the Islamic Court. They say that such crimes are forbidden under the Islamic law. However, according some reports, militant Islamist groups also get their share of the profit. The pirates involvement with these organisations is making the situation even more alarming, because all the financial help given by the West to the Somali authorities to put an end to piracy might just help it to flourish. All in all, it is clear that piracy is not a problem that the fragile Somali government can solve alone and international help is needed. How does all this affect the international community? Besides enforcing international law, there are several other reasons to stop pirate activities. The first is Somalia itself. The country needs about 200 tonnes of food aid a year which is mostly delivered by sea. Without the naval escorts and the regular delivery of aid, Somalia’s food stocks are seriously threatened, so ensuring the safe delivery of food aid should be a number one priority for the international community. Stopping piracy may also reduce the money available for weapons, so indirectly it can lead to the end of the internal war. Piracy has a very distressing effect on international trade as well. In addition to the growing ransom, companies whose cargos do not reach their destinations, lose money. As a result, there is a growth of insurance for all ships which need to pass through the Gulf of Aden. The constant danger of pirate attacks has already made some shipping companies to choose a longer, but safer route, around the Cape of Good Hope, as it happened in the case of AP Moller-Maersk, one of Europe’s largest shipping companies after the hijacking of Sirius Star. The extra weeks of travel and fuel can lead to the cost of transporting goods, which is a really serious concern now, at the time of a global economic crisis. Another reason is related to the environment. Pirate attacks can cause major oil spills in a very sensitive ecosystem. As pirates become bolder and use more powerful weapons, tankers could be set on fire or sunk, which can result in an environmental catastrophe, destroying marine and bird life for many years to come. Last, but not least, there is a risk that the pirates themselves can become agents of terrorism. There are assumptions according to which pirates are connected to the Al-Shabaab movement, which is believed to have links to Al-Qa’eda. According to some reports, Al-Qa’eda militants from Iraq have chosen Somalia as a new base from which to launch attacks. Terrorism at sea can take many forms, for example direct attacks on ships, hostage dramas, but also hijacked ships used as potential weapons. Terrorist networks can use the financial funds from piracy to fund their operations worldwide. It is obvious, that even if there is little chance for the worst scenario, it is best to prevent it while we can. The international community has recognized that enhanced international efforts are necessary in order to reduce the number of attacks. The growing cases of piracy have focused the world’s attention on Somalia and have shown that the crisis going on in a fragmented state is spilling out of its borders. The military response to piracy has shown that countries which haven’t been able to cooperate with each other can unite their forces for a common cause. A maritime conference was also held in Mombassa, where they discussed the problem of piracy and tried to give regional and world governments recommendations to deal with the danger. In January 2009, an important regional agreement was adopted in Djibouti by States in the region, at a meeting organised by IMO. The Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden recognized the extent of the problem of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the region and the states signing it declared their intention to co-operate, in a way consistent with international law, in the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships. Most countries have preferred prevention: various navies have sent war-ships into the area to escort commercial vessels. At the beginning, this way of defense was more individual than collective, but the persistence of the attacks has led to the development of a collective security system. NATO got the task of escorting convoys transporting the humanitarian aid of the World Food Programme towards Somalia. Once they were in the Gulf of Aden, they also protected other merchants ships, by their presence. Later NATO handed the job to Operation Atlanta, the first common maritime mission by the European Union. Military counter-piracy operations are performed by vessels from the Combined Task Force 150, a multinational coalition  naval  task force   in charge of monitoring and inspecting a range of security issues, such as drug smuggling and weapons trafficking, as well as piracy. Several countries, including India, Russia, China, Norway, Australia, France, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Denmark, the Netherlands, South Korea, Malaysia and even Japan chose to join the coalition and send warships to the Gulf of Aden. In January 2009 the US navy established a new multi-national naval force to confront piracy off the Somali coast. The new unit was called Combined Task Force 151and it was a spinoff of the existing Task Force 150 in the region. This section of the coalition forces was aimed at focusing exclusively on pirate groups (leaving Combined Task Force 150 to focus on other destabilizing activities, such as drug smuggling and weapons trafficking). It was hoped that by designating a new unit to combating piracy in Somalia, anti-piracy efforts would be more successful. Unfortunately, this effort is having only a limited impact. Although some pirates are scared off by the sight of military ships and helicopters, coalition warships are often in the wrong place at the wrong time. In addition, pirates are flexible and change their tactics easily: data from the Maritime Bureau shows that at present they are conducting their operations further out in the Indian Ocean. Besides, this is a very costly solution which is difficult to support in the long term. After the hijacking of an Egyptian ship and a huge Saudi supertanker, the Arab League organized a summit for countries overlooking the Red Sea, with the participation of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, Jordan, Djibouti and Yemen. At the summit the participant states discussed several solutions for the problem of piracy, suggesting different routes and looking for a safer passageway for ships. They might also assist the current NATO anti-piracy efforts together with other nations. However, we shouldn’t forget that the Arab League has long tried to draw Somalia more closely to the Arab world. It has made a financial support for the Transitional Federal Government, conditional on its entering negotiations with Al-Shabaab, intending to spread Islamist influence in the area. In June 2008 the United Nations Security Council passed a declaration authorizing nations that have the agreement of the Transitional Federal Government to enter Somali territorial waters to hunt pirates. In 2008 the Security Council adopted two resolutions, 1846 and 1851 allowing for the first time international land and sea occupations of Somali territories in the pursuit of pirates. These resolutions extended the power of the states and lead to greater coordination of their efforts. After the Council resolution 1851, the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia was established on 14 January 2009 to facilitate and coordinate actions among states and organizations to deal with piracy. At the moment 46 States and seven international organizations take part in the Contact Group. Through its four working groups, the Contact Group addresses specific issues related to military and operational coordination, legal issues, shipping industry awareness and public and diplomatic information. UNODC (the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) participates in the Contact Group and its Working Group on Military and Operational Coordination, Information Sharing and Capability-Building. UNODC acts as secretariat to Working Group on Judicial Issues, to which it has provided various forms of support. UNODC has prepared an analysis of the legal and practical challenges involved in prosecuting suspected pirates and is gathering nformation on relevant national legal systems, including those of coastal States. In spite of the fact that laws to combat piracy at sea exist, a lot of states do not seem to use them in practice. Only France has chosen to combat piracy directly. The first case was the seizing of a yacht in April 2008, which started with negotiations for the release of 30 hostages and followed by the capture of six pirates in Somali territory. The second case took place in September 2008 to free a couple taken hostages. This action also led to the arrest of six pirates, who are awaiting trial before a French court. Britain and some other countries have found a superficial and convenient way of treating the pirates: they have negotiated a treaty with Kenya, according to which all those suspected of piracy are handed over to that country. A few months later other countries followed Britain’s example, negotiating similar agreements. These agreements are a useful step, but they do not solve the problem. The Kenyan prison system is in terrible condition, corruption is high, there are strong delays in the call of trials and legal aid is very limited. It is a paradox indeed that states which are entitled to prosecute the arrested pirates delegate this right to a country which is unable to assure a fair trial to these criminals. In spite of the united efforts of different nations, it has become clear that the piracy problem cannot be solved at sea, because it is rooted on the shore, in the ongoing conflict and political instability of the country. As Ban Ki-Moon, the Secretary General of the United Nations expressed at an international donors’ conference: â€Å"Piracy is a symptom of anarchy and insecurity on the ground. (†¦) More security on the ground will make less piracy on the seas† Any lasting solution to the problem has to involve ensuring stability, development and an effective criminal justice system in Somalia. If the states had invested the time and resources they now spend to stop piracy in reconstructing the Somali society and economy, they probably wouldn’t have to cope with these problems. However, there are always new opportunities that shouldn’t be wasted. Martin Murphy in his article â€Å"Somali Piracy: not just a Naval Problem† claims that the highest costs of piracy to Somalia and the international community are not economic, but political. As I mentioned earlier, it seems that almost all layers of political life in Somalia are involved in piracy, including the Islamist groups. Islamism is getting stronger and stronger in Somalia and it can soon get hold of the entire country. The Al-Shabaab movement has a clear intention to use Somalia as a base for spreading Islamist influence in the region. If this tendency continues, a worst possible outcome would be an Islamist government, which is strong enough to control piracy, but also strong enough to make Somalia safe for violent Islamist groups. So, what can be done to stop, or at least to decrease piracy in the Horn of Africa? Somalia is a clan-based society. Therefore, a possible solution would be to deal with the sub-state entities in order to create a unitary state in the future. In these negotiations the coalition should clearly commit itself to repress piracy in return for allied political and economic support. This way it would be possible to cut off all the political players in Somalia from their external sources of weapons and thus pirates would be trapped between more effective land-base policy by the Somalis and maritime policy by coalition member navies and soon they would have no place to hide. Recent efforts have shown that there is a will to act together. We can only hope that the states will find a way to deal effectively with the problem before it is too late. Links, references: Roger Middleton: Piracy in Somalia. Africa Programme, October 2008 http://www. chathamhouse. org. uk/files/12203_1008piracysomalia. df Marina Chiarugi  and  Daniele Archibugi: Piracy challenges global governance. Open Democracy,  9 April 2009 http://www. opendemocracy. net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance George Grant: Somali pirates can’t be beaten at sea. The Guardian, 18 November 2009 http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2009/nov/18/somali-pirates-ransom-puntland Galrahn: Somalia Piracy – A Backgrounder April 8, 2009 http://www. informationdissemination. net/2009/04/somalia-piracy-backgrounder. html Rubrick Biegon: Somali Piracy and the International Response. FPIF (Foreign Policy in Focus) January 29, 2009 http://www. pif. org/fpiftxt/5827 Georg-Sebastian Holzer: Somalia: piracy and politics. Open Democracy, 24 November 2008 http://www. opendemocracy. net/article/somalia-piracy-and-politics Johann Hari: You Are Being Lied to About Pirates. The Huffington Post, December 2009 http://www. huffingtonpost. com/johann-hari/you-are-being-lied-to-abo_b_155147. html Can Somali pirates be defeated? BBC News, 20 November 2009 http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/8371139. stm Sam Gustin: Bandit Bourse? Somali pirates hijack oil tanker, organize ‘stock market’ Daily Finance, December 1 2009 http://www. dailyfinance. om/2009/12/01/bandit-bourse-somali-pirates-hijack-oil-tanker-organize-stock/ Martin Murphy: Somali Piracy : not just a naval problem . Centre for Strategic and Bugetary Assessments, April 16, 2009 http://www. csbaonline. org/4Publications/PubLibrary/B. 20090417. Somali_Piracy/B. 20090417. Somali_Piracy. pdf Piracy in Somalia: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia Aiden Hartley: What I learned from the  Somali pirates. The Spectator, 6 December 2008 http://www. spectator. co. uk/essays/all/3061246/what-i-learned-from-the-somali-pirates. thtml How to cite Piracy in Somalia and Its International Implications, Papers

Makes A Binding Legal Contract Amid Parties â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Makes A Binding Legal Contract Amid Parties? Answer: Introduction The present assignment aims at understating the law of contract and the main elements that are required in order to make a valid and enforceable contract in law. These elements are applied to the given factual solution in order to have a better understanding of the contract elements. There are three major issues that are framed as per the facts provided and all the issues are dealt separately. The Assignment is prepared with the help of ILAC format, that is, Issue, business Law, Application and Conclusion. The assignment is supported with references. Whether there is a valid contract that is framed amid Damien and Alen. If yes, when the contract was framed amid the parties. In order to resolve issue, the concept of offer, acceptance and invitation to offer needs to be understood. It is assumed that the other elements of contract, that is consideration, legal intention and capacity of the parties are present in the given situation. Any management in law which has the sanctity under law is called a contract. In Australia, a contract is a binding document upon the parties and the parties must honor the terms of a contract. However, in order to formulate a valid contract there are few ingredients that needs to be comply with. The same are offer, acceptance, intention, consideration and capacity of the parties. An offer is the intention of the offeror which is transferred to an offeree through whom the offeror desire some act or omission and expects that the offeree will approve the same (Gibson v Manchester City Council, 1978). An offer can be made to specific group of people or an individual or to the world. Any kind of offer is valid provided it is made ether orally or in written formal but must be communicated to the intended persons. (Jennifer, 2001) The offeree when gave his confirmation to the offer which is so received by him through an offeror then it is called an acceptance in law (Felthouse v Bindley, 1862). An acceptance can be made either orally or through written means or through conduct, but, it is necessary to communicate the acceptance. If the acceptance is not communicated then there cannot be any acceptance on the part of the offeree and there cannot be any contract amid the parties. (Robert Bibi, 1998) When offers are invited from people then it is called an invitation to treat. In an invitation to treat there is no offer, but, the inviter invites the offers from specific people. When the inviter accepts the invitation (offers) so received then there is a binding contract amid the parties (Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Chemists , 1953). The facts reveal that Alan is the student of a University and is intended to sell of his text book Introduction to Business Law in Singapore. In order to sell the textbook he posted a post on his facebook page on 1st November 2015. He submitted that that all of his friends who are enrolled in Kaplan Higher Education may purchase his textbook and his classroom notes for a price of $ 200 and people who are interested must pay by 5th November 2015. It is submitted to initiate any contract it is necessary to make an offer. However, Alan has posted a post on his facebook account and as per (Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Chemists , 1953) an advertisement is not an offer in law. It is an invitation thus, Alan has made an invitation to treat. Also, the invitation is made to a specific class of persons, that is, the friends of Alan who are enrolled in Kaplan Higher Education. Thus, the offers must be received from such class of person only as held in (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, 1892). Damien is not the friend of Alan but is the friend of Bernard. He is enrolled in Kaplan Higher Education. But, the invitation is made only to the friends of Alan on facebook. However, he took the number from Bernard and sends an SMS to him wherein he offered that he is interested in buying the book and can he handover the money to him on 4th November 204. Though the invitation is only for the friends of Alan, however, an independent offer is made by Damien to Alan wherein an offer is made. Now, it is only if Alan accepts the offer of Damien that there is a binding contract amid the two. In the evening of 4th November, Damien saw Alan and handed over the money to him which was duly accepted by Alan. Thus, an accepted can be communicated thorough conduct. Thus, when Alan accepted the money there is communication of acceptance on the part of Alan. So, there is a binding contract amid the parties So, it is found that an offer is made by Damien to Alan which was duly accepted by Alan. Thus, there is a valid contract that is made amid Alan and Damien. It is thus concluded that there is a valid exchanged of offer and acceptance amid the parties. so, the contract is made at the moment when on the evening of 4th November, Alan accepted the money from Damien and promised him to transfer the book by 7th November. Thus, the contracting parties are Damien and Alan. In the given situation, the concept of offer, acceptance and counter offer is very relevant. It is assumed that other elements of contract are present in the given situation. An offer is the intention of the offeror which is transferred to an offeree through whom the offeror desire some act or omission and expects that the offeree will approve the same (Gibson v Manchester City Council, 1978). Also, The offeree when gave his confirmation to the offer which is so received by him through an offeror then it is called an acceptance in law (Felthouse v Bindley, 1862). However, when no acceptance is given by the offeree, but, the acceptance is given in the form that it brings variation in the terms of the offer, then, it is no acceptance in law and is called counter offer. When a counter offer is made then the original offer lapses and the counter offer becomes the new offer. This new offer when approved by the old offeror (which is now the new offeree) results in a binding relationship amid the parties. In the leading case of (Hyde v Wrench, 1840), the concept of counter offer was rightly establihed. The law is now applied to the facts of the case. The facts reveal that Bernard is the friend of Alan on the facebook and is enrolled in Kaplan Higher Education. Thus, as per carlill, Bernard is eligible to make an offer to Alan as the offer is only for person who are the friend of Alan on facebook. Now, on 2nd November he made an offer of $ 150 by posting a post on the facebook of Alan. Thus, a valid offer is made by Bernard, but, a contractual relationship will only arises provide Alan must accept the offer of Brand and the same must be communicated to him. The offer of Bernard was rejected by Alan by replying that he is not interested in selling the book below $ 200. Thus, the offer of Bernard was rejected by Alan. It makes no difference even if Bernard sends the money to Alan through post, because the acceptance that is later made by Bernard is against the offer which is never made by Alan. Alan only made an invitation and there is no offer that is made by Alan at the first place. Thus, an operations against no offer is invalid in law. So, there is no contract that aid Alan and Bernard. The law dealing with capacity of the parties and intention of the legal parties is the relevant law that is applicable in the given situation. All other elements are presumed to be present. Once an offer and acceptance is made, then, it is necessary that the communication must be made with the legal intention to abide by the promises. If the promises are made with no legal intention then there is no contract amid the parties. In (Balfour v Balfour , 1919), it was held that when the parties are in social relationship then it is presumed that there is no legal intention amid the parties and when the parties are in commercial relationships then there is legal intention amid the parties to establish a contract amid themselves. But the presumption which is generally raised by the law is rebuttable ad it can be proved that the parties does have legal intention when the parties are in social relationship and there is no legal intention when the parties are in commercial relationship. Now, when the parties are exchanging offer and acceptance then it is necessary that there must be consideration that is attached t the same. A consideration is the price for the exchange of the promises which moves from the promisor to the promisee. It is very necessary as it make a contract enforceable in law. (H.K.Luke, 1970) Also, the parties must be capable to enter into a valid contract the parties are capable when they are major and has mental capability to make a contract (Gibbons v Wright, 1954). The younger sister of Alan, Charleen, is taking GCE O levels this year. She is also on the facebook friend list of Alan. Thus she is also eligible to make an offer against the invitation of Alan. So, on 2nd November 2015, when Alan was in bed, Charleen offered Alan to buy the book for $ 200. It is submitted that in order to make a contract, the parties must be capable to make a valid contract. It is submitted and presumed that Charleen is not a major and thus she is not eligible to make an offer. So, the offer made by Charleen to Alan is invalid. But if a contract is made with a minor then the same is valid provided it is for her necessity, Now, Alan smiled at Charleen and gave his assent without any legal intention. However, in law, the offeror and offeree must also have legal intention to be bound by the contract. If the parties do not have legal intention there is no contract. Now, when the assent is provided by Alan to Charleen then at that time Alan was not having any legal intention to accept the offer of Charleen. Thus, as per (Balfour v Balfour , 1919) there is absence of legal intention and there cannot be any contract amid Charleen and Alan. Even if it is considered that Charleen and Allen had legal intention to bind in a contract, stil, since Charleen is taking O level thus she is a minor and as per Gibbons v Wright there can be no contract with minor. So, in any of the cases there can be no contractual relationhsip amid the two. Conclusion It is thus concluded that there cannot be any kind of relationship that existed amid Alen and Charleen mainly because Charleen is a minor. Also, there was no legal intention that was present by Alen which marketing a binding legal contract amid the parties. References Balfour v Balfour (1919). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1892). Felthouse v Bindley (1862). Gibbons v Wright (1954). Gibson v Manchester City Council (1978). H.K.Luke. (1970). The Intnetion to create legal relation. The Adelaide business Law Review . Hyde v Wrench (1840). Jennifer, C. (2001). Contract Law in south Pacific. Cavendish Publishing. Michael, L. (2013). The Future of Dispute Resolution. LexisNexis Butterworths. Michael, L. (2013). The Future of Dispute Resolution. LexisNexis Butterworths. Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Chemists (1953).

Sweet Are the Fruits. Through Pablo Nerudas Prism

Tasting the Fruits: The Poem, the Images, and the Ideas It is pitch dark. Even though the lights are on, the United Fruit Co. casts the shadow that does not let the sun in the lives of millions of people. In his striking poem, The United Fruit Co., Pablo Neruda draws the sketch of a monster named injustice – the monster that devoured a great number of people, and seized the power over the entire universe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sweet Are the Fruits. Through Pablo Neruda’s Prism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the poet knows that the fight is already lost, for the monster is far too influential, and his face is under a perfect disguise, Neruda still depicts the crimes of those prepossessing power. Each word a loud cry, the poem is filled with grief and rage. In each line, the fury is building more and more until it reaches the top pitch, to subside then slowly into a sad ending. The incredible tension pierces the novel right through, as the poet balances between the anger for those ruining the lives of hundreds of people, and the grief for these lives broken. Sarcastic and sad, the poem shapes the image of The United Fruit Co. as the barbarians who came to break the rest of the people down, to make them submit and follow the orders of the company. The poem sounds like a cadence of images – it seems as if Neruda was threading beads to make a string of the saddest story ever. Listening more carefully to the poem, one can hear the distinct lament of the people, their pleas for mercy – but the monster they are calling to is deaf and blind, with no heart to understand them. Neruda’s cartridges are blank, and he knows that well enough. Neruda’s Life Path: A Long Way to Heaven One of the people who shaped the literature of XX century Chile and contributed to the world literature as the man who saw woes and misery, Neruda followed specific life track that predetermined his creative work. Growing under the hot Chile sun and learning what the vicissitudes of life can be, the poet-to-be was destined to become a world-recognized personality. With help of his unique experience and the specific manner of perceiving and understanding the events that occurred in the world and in his own life, Neruda was born to become a poet – or, it would be better to say, he was born a poet, literally (Urrutia).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the details that strike most about the poet’s biography is the strain in his relationships with the family. Neftali (the poet’s real name) was much like a medium between the earth and the underworld, with his incredible ability to feel the world at the tip of his fingers: He heard footsteps. Was it Father? He had been away, working on the railroad for a week, and was due home today. Neftali’s heart pounded and his round brown eyes grew large with panic. The footsteps came closer [†¦] (Ryan 5) Each of us experiences the time when the childhood fears and ideas fade away like the morning dew. That is the inevitable cost of growing up and becoming the part of the world. Yet that did not happen to Neruda – he never was the part of this world; the poet could be rather described as a creature thrown into the heart of the Earth to test the humankind for humanity. This incredible ability of his – the ability to understand and give the piece of his without demanding anything back – acme as the boy grew into a poet. However, the dreamer within his was not gone. There was still a piece of the little boy whom he used to be: Nefati sat, rubbed his eyes, and looked around the room. The words were no longer there. He slid from the bed, tiptoed to the drawer, and opened it. All of the words were sleeping (Ryan 23). The words were still there. It was just that he had to convey them to the adults this time, being an adult himself. In fact, this proved harder than he expected. Together with the specifics of the adult life, the political problems and the concern fro the native land came, which literally tore Neruda apart. As soon as the head of Chile signed the agreement with the U.S. and practically sold the country to the entrepreneurs from the United States, Neruda felt that he could not take the half-baked decisions of the government any longer. As a result of this long-lasting conflict, The United Fruit Co., the poetic masterpiece in Neruda’s treasure chest, appeared:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sweet Are the Fruits. Through Pablo Neruda’s Prism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was considerable political tension, nevertheless, arising from the United States’ commercial involvement in the country, part icularly through the United Fruit Company. Shortly before Neruda’s arrival, the municipality in Barranquilla had passed a resolution to expropriate the American firm that operated its public utilities (Feinstein 171). Neruda’s unique brainchild, this poem is ridden with the fear for the future of the country, and the indignation for the invaders. The â€Å"flies† seized power over the entire country, which Neruda could not bear – and he never did. Balancing Between Scylla and Charybdis: Where the Truth Lurks Like many other great poets, Neruda is perceived as either the man who proclaimed Latin freedom from the Western expansion, or the Communist agent that was going to undermine the most progressive and prominent activities of the United Sattes; yet none of the critics deny the geniality of the poet. It is worth mentioning that there are two basic points of view concerning Neruda’s poem; the rest of the considerations either dub the existing ones, or touch upon the issues that were not topical for the author. Thus, it would be a good idea to consider the two key ideas that critics had about the United Fruit Co., the two opposing views that were represented by Marc Mascia and Jeffrey Gray. Considering one of the most conventional viewpoints offered by Jeffrey Gray, one must note that, to some extent, this is a tribute to the late poet. Indeed his greatness cannot be doubted, which triggers the specific attitude to the poem. Seized by the fear for his nation and the desire to protect people from the danger of being enslaved, Neruda did everything possible to prevent the consumerism from devouring the society. Such patriotic goals are worth appreciation, no matter whether they were correct or erroneous. Indeed, it is hard to deny that the impact of the company’s operations left much to be desired, which meant that the poet was guided by the noblest ideas. According to Jeffrey Gray, United Fruit Co. is â€Å"depicting a dictator’s betrayal of revolutionary aspirations, and emphasizing the hope that lay, for Neruda, in socialism† (201-202). Therefore, it was not only the expansion o the Americans in the country, but also the home policy of the political leaders that troubled Neruda and that he expressed in his poem, Grey emphasizes.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Could the famous writer err? In contrast to Grey, famous Mark Mascia criticizes the poem in quite different manner, suggesting another way of interpreting it. According to his article, the poet resorted to the ideas that were totally Utopian from the very beginning, choosing the path of socialism to heal the wounds of the country: His desire to conquer is, as mentioned above, one to overcome grief (both individual, as an exiled writer, and collective, as a self-declared â€Å"man of the people†) and to â€Å"conquer happiness.† But is this conquest of a better world not itself a universal utopian dream? (Mascia 74) Despite the credibility of Mascia’s argument, it is still more reasonable to consider the poem from the viewpoint that Grey offers. Although Mascia sounds rather impressive, it still seems that his ideas are cluttered with the prejudice for the Socialism. After all, it must be admitted that the Socialism theory was the last resort for the collapsing s tate and the opportunity to fight the insistent attempts of the United States to establish the consumerist lifestyle in the country. Nevertheless, each paper allows to consider the work of the poet deeper. Knowing the ideas that made Neruda write United Fruit Co., one can evaluate the work more objectively and enjoy the vision of the words gaining unpredictable shades of meaning. Although the viewpoints of each critic can be considered somewhat subjective, their papers still contribute to the overall understanding of the poem. Two and Two, Put Together: Picking the Fruits Summarizing the creation of Neruda, one can claim with certainty that the incredible power of the [poet’s words drove the attention of the entire state. With help of his talent, Neruda managed to break new grounds in people’s vision of the USA invasion. Making it clear that the economical aggression of the foreigners will bring nothing but the troubles for the state, Neruda tried to explain his ideas to the people, yet – no one would listen. A heart-rending and impressive poem, it was a cry of despair and an attempt to bring the country and the people together, making them a unified entity. With a number of metaphors for the country explored by the foreigners, Neruda managed to depict the shock and the helplessness of the nation, make the lament of those in despair reach everyone. However, it is worth mentioning as well that the poem was not only about the policy of the invaders, but also about the propaganda that they seeded. To teach this poem for someone who is unaware of the life and struggle of the poet, I would use the visual aids and the literature sources to tell the story of Neruda. I would try to incorporate the movies shot about the poet and his creations and the information about his life, both personal and political. It could also be a good idea to demonstrate the influence of the United Fruit Co., which I would do with help of PowerPoint presentations and th e articles about the company. Works Cited Gray, Jeffrey. â€Å"United Fruit Co., Canto Generale, and Neruda’s Critique of Capitalism†. Ed. Harold Bloom, Exploration and Colonization. New York City, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2010: 201-212. Print. Feinstein, Adam. Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life. New York City, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2005. Print. Mascia, Mark. â€Å"Pablo Neruda and the Construction of Past and Future Utopias in the Canto General.† Utopian Studies, 12.1: 65-81. Print. Neruda, Pablo. United Fruit Co. Stone Soup. July 16 2004. Web. Web. Ryan, Pam Muoz, and Peter Sis. The Dreamer. New York City, NY: Scholastic Inc., 2010. Print. Urrutia, Matilde. My Life with Pablo Neruda. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004. Print. This essay on Sweet Are the Fruits. Through Pablo Neruda’s Prism was written and submitted by user Lillie T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Big Bang Theory Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe

Big Bang Theory Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe Big Bang Theory Informative Essay 4-22-00 Freshman English 1 Big bang theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two such models: the Big Bang theory and the Steady State model. Because of many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory best explains the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe was packed together in an extremely hot, dense state. During the Big Bang, the matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today, it has been observed that the universe is still expanding. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change with time. There was no beginning in the past, nor should there be any changes in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle; that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times. It maintains the same average density of matter and energy forever. There is much observational evidence that proves the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. For example, the observed red shifts of distant galaxies. Red shift is a Doppler effect that occurs when an object, such as a galaxy, is moving away from the observer. The spectral line of the galaxy will have a shift to the red end of the light spectrum. The faster the galaxy moves, the farther the shift. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will be shifted toward the blue end. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers have observed, the more distant a galaxy is from Earth, the more red shifted it is on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it is moving. This all implies that the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. Another supporting piece of evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion. The almost instantaneous expansion would have sent strong short-wave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cooled, and filled the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, year round. This radiation is assumed to be the radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State cannot explain the existence of this radiation, so the model is thought to be wrong in explaining the beginning of the universe. Now that the Big Bang model has been shown to better fit observational evidence, it can be explained in greater detail. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness. Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For a brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may

Corporate Social Responsibility within Islamic prospectives Literature review

Corporate Social Responsibility within Islamic prospectives - Literature review Example The values and the principles which have been in place since the time of Prophet Mohammed serve as the CSR foundation in Islam. Islam fundamentals are not subject to change. They include aqidah, referring to belief and faith, ibadah, which means worship and akhlaq, which refers to morality and ethics. In secondary fields such as economics, business and other activities the manifestation of these fundamentals will need flexibility and development in accordance with the time and space. Hence, in Islam the idea of CSR is always subject to change depending on the various needs of the community and the society. According to Islam human represents God and that the whole creation was formed by God. Human being God’s representative therefore, has a great obligation to look after the creation of God. The CSR concept In Islam covers an extensive meaning, in that it embraces God consciousness dimension which is referred to as the taqwa. In all situations, group of individuals takes up di fferent roles and responsibilities as servants. According to Hassan (2002), values of truthfulness, fairness, kindness, uprightness instead of envy and discrimination inspires the relationship with God. This normally manifested naturally in various activities in business and even in the relationship with all the stakeholders.

Video Review Control Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video Review Control Room - Essay Example It clearly narrates the motives behind that information gathering and the way the reporters of the news agency strived to present it. The documentary also presents the motives that the US army had created behind the attack that they planned on Iraq. CHANGE OF PERCEPTION ON THE WAR ON IRAQ. The documentary highlighted quite a few points that I, as general public was unaware of earlier. It may also have owed to the propaganda by the US dominated news agencies that the side of the story narrated by the video under discussion was earlier not known to the masses. The only way a person from the general public would look at the war was just what was imposed upon them by the American Media. The video shows that the American media created a hype before the invasion. The military used its nation’s media to tell the general public that Saddam Hussain was a threatening figure. The video narrated that revenge was induced in the American public by increasing the level of danger sometimes fr om yellow to Orange and then to danger level. These terminologies convinced the general public of the USA that what their president was authorizing was just the very right thing to be done at the moment. Thus, the overall scene before the initiation of war was that the American public got threatened from the existence of Saddam Hussain. He was portrayed as being capable of possessing and operating weapons of mass destruction that was a threat to the United States of America and to the entire world on the whole. It was even propagated that Saddam could give those weapons of mass destruction to Osama bin Laden or to anyone else. Instead of letting the American public realize what war actually meant and what was the exact meaning of attacking a Sovereign nation the propaganda overshadowed their realization. This video, on the other hand told the other side of the story. It told clearly that the Americans formulated information in a manner that it would go in their favor. As quoted by a n Al-Jazeera spokesman, â€Å"We want to show that every war has a human cost. We are Arabs like them. We are Muslims like them we are with the common Iraqi man. We care for them.† (Control room, 2008) The point of view about the Iraq-US war has changed in the perspective that thousands of innocent people including women and children both. Thousands of people lost their homes. Numerous innocent of civilian families died. All this was done at the cost of enforcing democracy and that too, for the public that was being devoid of their very basic right of shelter and food. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE VIDEO. The weaknesses of the video are the weaknesses of the organization itself. The organization was an Arab based organization Owing to that they had an emotional attachment with the Iraqi nation as a whole. Though not biased in favor of the Saddam regime the reporters and other team members of Al-Jazeera had their hearts connected to the civilian public that were under the Am erican oppression. Thus they can be termed as being biased in favor of the Iraqi common man. As quoted in the earlier part of the document a spokesman of the Al-Jazeera network quoted that since he was born in Iraqi and grew up in Iraq he had his heart with the Iraqis and recognized well what they talked like and how they felt. In line of the American military and government however, the weaknesses of the organization were that they weren’

Business Strategy In Global Environment Mcdonald Marketing Essay

Business Strategy In Global Environment Mcdonald Marketing Essay McDonalds is one of the worlds leading fast food makers, 1995 when Ray Kroc started the franchising system till now McDonalds have seen an era of constant growth in both in terms of reach to the customers across the globe or in terms of sales and profits. There are number of driving forces of its basic aims that kept it at above all system wide sandwich market throughout its most magnificent years. The idea of making a system of restaurants with low priced menu items available to local community in a fast, efficient and hygienic way as well as a enjoyable environment lead McDonalds to become worlds largest sandwich chain. (Marino, 2004. p.C213) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQpd5oqJsfyDAeDoy7AST6YNQfaNhLV25kSdfuI_KXZH6mcilIt=1usg=__7clK98n3FRPjsriVl9qBT21ydm8= After a years of hard work McDonalds has developed its customer loyalty and brand image across the world and strong financial base to counterbalance the impact of extreme competition by the similar sandwich industry players such as Subway, Burger King, Wendys. During early 1990s, when MacDonalds intensified its international operations to balance the impact of growing competition in USA, its brand image became so popular outside USA that on its opening in Beijing 1992 more than 40,000 customers flooded the restaurant. Earlier in 1990, an opening of a new restaurant in Moscow drew about 30,000 people. (Marino, 2004, p.C214) throughout 1990s McDonalds have seen many year of radical transformation in its strategic policies besides its glorious years, particularly in the later years of 1990 most of its efforts to overcome its falling performance, customer satisfaction and monetary profits resulted in further decline in brand image as well as sales. The top management launched a plan to further boost restaurants growth and diversification away from just a sandwich maker by adding no less than 40 new items in the menu. In order to achieve the target of 10 to 15 percent of profits an investment of $420 million was made to upgrade few things such as kitchen and research and development. Despite all these efforts it appeared that nothing was working to put McDonalds back on track. (Marino, 2004, p.C215) This was the first time when McDonalds posted its first time ever fourth quarter loss in 2002. It is the same time when Jim Cantalupo took over the charge of the corporation and introduced Plan to Win strategy to win back the lost empire of unprecedented history of McDonalds. Jim Cantalupo preferred to focus companys generic strategy on marketing mix of the company in order to overcome the declining brand image and negative publicity experienced just before him taking over the company. His plan focused on offering customers a better experience of enjoying their fast food as compared to competitors. (Marino, 2004) WHAT IS A BUSINESS STRATEGY By all the management scientist and academicians business strategy has been defined in many variable ways. Strategy can be simply defined as a plan to reach from one point to another or it can be as composite as the global market place. In a global corporate industry environment strategy is a complex and comprehensive framework of actions put together after careful analysis of capabilities and strengths and the environmental impacts of peripheral forces manipulate the organization (Elkin, 1998) Strategy can also be defined as a framework which steer those choices that determine the nature and direction of an organization. (Tregoe Zimmerman, 1980) Leadership in a highly competitive market depends on narrowing the focus of business strategy instead of broadening it. Business strategy includes identification of organizations operational excellence, its customer intimacy, and the product leadership. These three elements are the powerful dynamics of a business strategy. (Treacy Wiersema, 1989) To achieve objects an organization can exploit its unutilised resource strength and capabilities or it can altogether develop a core competency. A companys strategy is a plan of its management to achieve and sustain a market position, conduct its operations, attract and please customers, compete successfully, and achieve organizational objectives. (Thompson Strickland, 2003, p. 3) http://www.softsia.com/screenshots/Deep-SWOT-analysis-software_sxtn.gif INTERNAL STRENGTH AND RESOURCE CAPABILITIES STRENGTHS: The assessment of in-house resources of an organization is evaluated in relation to the competitors. (Thompson Strickland, 2003) MacDonalds business strategy still upholds the philosophy of Ray Crok who in 1958 said that, the basis for our entire business is that we are ethical, truthful and dependable. It takes time to build a reputation. We are not promoters. We are business people with a solid, permanent, constructive ethical program that will be in style years from now even more than it is today. (mcdonalds.com) a) Market Leadership In the fast food chains in the world McDonalds has one of the strong international presence, in the USA alone it has over 13,500 restaurants and 16,500 restaurants worldwide. It was operation in 120 countries of the world with Burger King at number two in 2002 was operating in 120 countries of the world with Burger King at number two with only 58 countries. Its operating income from worldwide operations almost compared the income from domestic operations. In USA McDonalds secured over 32 percent of the sales of top no less than 30 chains in 2003 out of which about 30 percent of the sales come from its international operations. The leadership of McDonalds amongst restaurants chains have widely been recognized and have placed it in a very strong position to increase and retain a major part of this market share. (Marino, 2004) B) Financial Strength Another very important policy of McDonalds is to own all real estates for franchised or company operated location. This gives a large rental income and asset base for the company. Beverley Vasquez in his article; McDonalds Takes Bite from its Land holding published in Denver Business Journal in 1998 says that McDonalds generate more money from its rent than from its franchise fees. (Denver Business Journal 50, p. B9) its strategy to own its real estates has given it even more control over what it can do with the land. The major advantage of this policy was to choose a piece of land to build a restaurant in any suitable location to generate maximum sales and to make financial assets and remove the impact of development McDonalds keeps about 100% of profits from company owned restaurants. (Marino, 2004) like any other company in the same business McDonalds liquidity is within the industrial standards. McDonalds current ratio in 2003 was 0.76, maintaining or improving current ratio help meet current liabilities and short term debts without putting further constraints on company operations. c) Brand Image In 2003 McDonalds brand value was placed at 8th number among worlds most valuable brand with $24.69 billion (source: interbrand). Brand image is the totality of consumer perceptions about the brand, or how they see it. Companies have to work hard on the consumer experience to make sure that what customers see and think is what they want them to. (Temporal, 2002 Marino, 2004) d) Innovative Skills In a global market place a company needs to be well aware of particular needs and requirements of the people defined by their cultural and religious affiliations and their particular eating habits. Due to changing eating habits of its customers McDonalds has improved its menus many times. This was due to many reasons such as innovation in food processing and cooking and growing health awareness in people. (Marino, 2004) Its menus in almost all countries reflect the local traditional elements and tastes. Kosher for Jewish people in Israel, introduction of low fat food across the chain, and menus according to particular French, Chinese and South American tastes are a few examples. It has integrated local eating trends and traditions successfully across the world by changing the local menus in several regions of the world, McDonalds have almost always adapted to the changes in the costumers preferences despite some of its failure to regain sales revenues in late 1990s. WEAKNESSES: a) Weak Strategic Direction Chairman and CEO Alan Greenberg took the full responsibility of its poor performance and resigned after face the first ever loss In fourth quarter 2002. The collapse was mainly cause of launching many concordant initiative and be deficient of will to completely implement them or waiting for the outcome of any particular initiative. Due to this deprived strategic decision making, management was left with no clear directions. Increased competition and hostility among the franchises forced company to review its policies regarding development, association, quality and customer services. At one stage company publicized 40 new menu items and customized cooking system which cost company a hefty $420 million. (Marino, 2004) A week strategy or failure to fittingly launch a strategy may result in a week performance of the overall business. (Thompson Strickland, 2003) If a company alter its business strategy it may result in customer confusion, price oriented customer may switch to another low cost leader if the business employing a low cost strategy shifts its focus to differentiation strategy At the same time those customers willing to pay a premium price may not identify the organizations strategic change. (Parnell, John A.,2003) b) Customer Services McDonalds discontinued its principal of restaurant evaluation system in early 1990(namely QSVC, Quality, Service, Value, and Cleanliness) in order to reduce the tension among franchises and to pave way for international growth and to improve its partnership with leading superstores. It was expected that companys image would regain When Greenberg reinstituted its Quality, Service, Cleanliness inspections and mystery shopping in 2001, but in 2002 company was ranked lesser than its main rivals including KFC, Wendys, Burger King, and even US internal revenue services. c) Revenues Losses and Share value In the start of 2003, McDonalds had to face a loss of $343.8 million in its first quarter Followed by a constant decline in revenue during 12 months to April 2003. Companys share value dipped to all time low. At one point in March 2003 it was being traded at $12.50. Putting further pressure on short term and long term liquidity and constraining the company to keep equity at sustainable level. d) Employees Turnover Employee turnover is very important in any organization accurate, efficient and quick customer service mostly relies on staff training and experience. McDonalds has 300 percent high employees turnover than industry average. This clearly means McDonalds not only have to train more than average employees but also have to wait until they are fully functional and experienced. It is 40 seconds slower than its close rival Wendys in drive-thru operation but still it generates almost 60 percent of its revenue from them. EXTERNAL MARKET FACTORS OPPORTUNITIES: a) Revenue Generation The strong worldwide presence of McDonalds provide it an opportunity to produce revenues from public offering and this was experienced successfully in case of Japan. Public offering could be phased out in 120 countries of the world once McDonalds could grow strong in each country. b) Diversification materialization of mega-store and expansion in their process has unlocked a new market segment for McDonalds retail products. Further new opportunity include launching McDonalds novelty products like watches and toys to be sold across the world and going into joint schemes with non rival companies to use MacDonalds premises to uphold their product. THREATS: a) Trends in Sandwich Restaurant industry McDonalds has faced challenges by the new trends in eating healthier food alternatives along with the other industry players. Customer dietary awareness grew after findings of various scientific researches advocating eating healthy food with lesser fats, oil and sugar contents. Sandwich chain have to keep modifying their menu in order to be concerned about customers wellbeing. McDonalds has to continue focusing on adjusting its policy to reflect healthier aspects of menu items or it could be an easy target for negative publicity. McDonalds main rivals Burger King and Wendys have addressed current consumer health trends more successfully. Particularly, Wendys has responded to this with the introduction of their gourmet salad line. Typically 30% of those consumers visiting Wendys do so specifically for the purpose of purchasing salads from their Garden Sensations salad line. (Marino, 2004) Soon after recognizing the market, the super store jumped into sandwich industry by offering read ymade meals and sandwiches at competitive prices further increasing competition for McDonalds and its rivals as well. b) Intense Competition After 2003 it was expected for systemwide sandwich industry in USA to grow around only 2 percent for foreseeable future. There was a shrinkage in local restaurant industry due to increased competition amongst traditional rivals, many chains were copying McDonalds theme at that time increasing market share was more difficult in both USA and worldwide. (Marino, 2004) a large number of customer was shifting to other low price outlets of similar quality and service as they were becoming more price conscious. The ideal condition is for the strength/ competitive assets to outweigh its weakness/ competitive liabilities by an ample margin-50/50 balance is definitely not the desired condition. (Thompson Strickland, 2003, p120) PEST ANALYSIS The analysis of macro environment in which business operates is called PEST analysis its consist of four elements Political, Economical, Social and Technological. POLITICAL FACTORS Individual state policies enforced by the government greatly influenced the international operations of McDonalds. Many groups in Europe and USA clamor for the actions taken by the state pertaining to the hygiene, health and fitness proposition of eating fast food. They have pointed out that things like cholesterol are harmful for human body and adverse effects like obesity are attributable to consuming fast food products. (ivythesis 2010) On the contrary, there are number of internal policies and regulation in order to control the company, specific segments of the market focus on different fields of concern for example environment, worker protection and specially health. In all parts of country and outside the country government check all these elements before issuance of any kind of license in the respective states. In countries like India it is a looming legal dispute in the franchise of McDonalds where certain breach of rights and violation of religious laws pertaining to the contents of the food, it is highly offensive to the Hindu religion in that region to have meat in their menus. There are also other studies that points to the infringement of McDonalds Stores with reference to the existing employment laws in the target market. Like any business venture, these McDonalds stores have to contend with the issues of employment procedures as well as their tax obligations so as to succeed in the foreign market. (ivyth esis 2010) ECONOMIC FACTORS It is seen that there are always numerous problem available to fast food industry and no organization in this business are excused for any disputes and troubles, all have concerns up to certain extant regarding economic factors individually. Branches and franchises of fast food chains like McDonalds are likely to experience difficulties in case the economy of any country is hit by inflation and a rapid change in exchange rates. In conditions like this customer have to go over the usual budget and they have to think whether or not they should use up more of these foreign fast food chains therefore these businesses must think of some solutions to deal with the effects of the economic environment specially when the problem are caused by the consumer behavior these issue can lead to a serious problem as it could influence their general sales. In regarding the operations of the company, food chains like McDonalds tend to import much of their raw materials into a specific territory if ther e is a dearth of supply.   Exchange rate fluctuations will also play a significant role in the operations of the company. if a franchise operates in a particularly economically weak state, hence their products shall cost higher than the other existing products in the market, then these franchises must take on certain adjustments to maintain the economies of scale. (ivythesis 2010) SOCIAL FACTORS The surveys and articles on the international strategies of McDonalds have been working in many areas to assure worthwhile returns for the organization. The company put so much effort to improve on establishing a favorable mind set from their basic consumer. McDonalds indulge a particular variety of consumers with definite types of personalities. It has also seen that McDonalds has provide the market such as United Kingdom an extra option in their dining needs and requirements as they have introduced a valued and reasonable set of food that affectionate a reliable level of quality for the respective market where it operates.   Additionally, those who are aged just below the bracket of thirty-five are said to be the most frequent consumers of McDonalds franchises. ( 2005) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS McDonalds produces demand for their own products. Television advertisement is one of the companys key tool for marketing. It has also been seen that McDonalds are inclined to the interest the younger populations more, this can been seen in different ways such as distribution of toys in their meals offered by the company and the existence of play spots in the restaurant areas. Similar demonstrations can be seen in the commercial they make it clearly reflects their marketing strategy. They employ animated depictions of their characters like Grimace and Hamburglar. On the other hand they hire popular celebrities in order to promote their products. Their campaign regarding their logo Im Loving it is renowned across the globe and is recognized well in people of all ages. Moreover McDonalds has significantly been infused with new technology in their operating system and their biggest achievement is to introduce a Just In Time strategy Elements like the inventory system and the management o f the value chain of the company allows for easy payments for their suppliers and other vendors which the individual stores in respective markets deal with. The integration of technology in the operations of McDonalds tend to add value to their products. Basically, this is manifested in the improvements on its value chain. The improvement of the inventory system as well as its supply chain allows the company to operate in an international context. (ivythesis 2010) FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 1. Rivalry Amongst Existing Competitors It has been seen that the competition in restaurant industry is too high as there are large number of many fast food businesses that are fighting with each other in order to get the bigger market share and to improve their customer base, McDonalds is not an exception to this, it has excelled in this sector of the market since its commencement in 1940. Nevertheless to stay competitive they started with McCafe and gained a huge success as a fast food providers. Another major step came out when McDonald started Breakfast to compete with the existing business serving breakfast. Hence, this industry is extremely competitive and the MDC should be up to date with customer taste preferences.(quickmba 2010) 2. Threat of Entrants It is hard to set up a different brand name as well as to enter the restaurant business, The cost of entry in the market is extremely high there is big research and development costs. Large established companies with strong brand identities such as McDonalds do make it more difficult to enter and succeed within the marketplace, it is difficult for new entrants to find their place as they are faced with price competition from existing chain restaurants.(quickmba 2010) 3. Threat of Substitutes There are many substitutes in this industry. Since there are a wide variety of products that people can choose, they could either be substituted by MDC Burgers, Beverages, dairy products, and others. 4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Power of suppliers within the fast food industry would be relatively small, unless the main ingredient of the product is not readily available. 5. Bargaining Power of Buyers Relatively strength of buyers is low in this industry http://maven.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/porter5forces3.gif SCHOOLS OF STRATEGY Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel discuss various approaches to strategic planning and they identify 10 different schools of thought which are divided into Prescriptive and Descriptive. We can apply Prescriptive schools for Strategy formulation and Descriptive School for Strategy formation. A) PRESCRIPTIVE SCHOOLS Prescriptive means what can be done most realistically. The prescriptive strategy takes other factors into consideration while analyzing multiple criteria and conflicting objections. After this, then chooses what strategy would or could be done realistically based on the objectives previously listed. According to the prescriptive strategy, the second best decision might be more appropriate. The prescriptive approach includes an analysis of possible decisions around a chosen solution known as sensitivity analysis. 1. Design School: This strategy is adopted by McDonalds in a way they have matched their internal situation of the company with the outside situation caused by the environment. Thus the strategy of the company is made and function to signify the best likely fit. 2. Planning School: Here strategy arrangement is seen as a prescribed procedure, which follows a thorough set of steps from scrutiny of the condition to the growth and exploration of different substitute scenarios. 3. Positioning School: This is very important approach as it is very much influenced by the Porters work, formation of strategy as an logical process that place the organization in the same context of the business the company is in, McDonald as a business used this as a strong tool of their strategy. B) DESCRIPTIVE SCHOOLS Descriptive means what is usually done. The descriptive strategy is done based on past evidence. It is something that has been most likely done in the past. 1. Entrepreneurial School: In McDonalds this approach look upon strategy formation as a visionary process, that is going on within the mind of the captivating founder or leader of the company. 2. Learning School: The whole function of this strategy is to educate people where the management of an the company take care of the workers that they work efficiently and does not work over time and incorporates these lessons learned into their overall plan of action. 3. Power School: Here strategy progress is appear to be a process of cooperation between power holders within the company, and or between the company and external stakeholders. 4. Cultural School: This strategy talk about developing a culture that makes the working condition comfortable for all this school takes the strategy formation as collective process that includes multiple groups and departments within the organization the strategy developed is thus a reflection of the corporate culture of the organization. 5. Environmental School: In response to the current challenges imposed by the external environment, this strategy structuring is seen to be a reactive process. 6. Configuration School: This is the last school and the purpose of strategy formation can be easily seen as method of altering the organization from one type of decision making structure into another. CONCLUSION McDonalds have increase its product line to ensure they have multiple products to choose form and to remain competitive to their rivals, and have focused to provide better and continuous service, they also have reduced their cost by reducing their supply chain expenses. In order to retain customers they have expanded their happy meal choices and took further step by adding premium and different coffees in their beverages menu as well as cakes and pastries. The concept of toys introduced by McDonalds for all kind of generations specially for kids was new to everyone in the market. 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